Freedom For All: Further Reading



“A History of Bethel A.M.E. Church, 1831-1991.” Bethel A.M.E. Church. Monroe Fordham Regional History Center, Archives & Special Collections Department, E. H. Butler Library, SUNY Buffalo State. https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/bethel-ame/78

“‘Afric-American Picture Gallery’ (1859) .” Edited by Leif Eckstrom and Britt Rusert, Just Teach One Early African American Print, jtoaa.americanantiquarian.org/welcome-to-just-teach-one-african-american/afric-american-picture-gallery/. Accessed 28 July 2024.

AME Church. “White Houses and Black Print.” Black Print Unbound: The Christian Recorder, African American Literature, and Periodical Culture, by Eric Gardner, Oxford University Press, 2015 pp. 5.

An 1853 image shows Ebenezer Bassett during his time at Central Connecticut State University. State Magazine: The Official Magazine of the U.S. Department of State, https://statemag.state.gov/2019/03/ebenezer-bassett/. Accessed 29 July 2024.

Altoona Mirror, 1 June 1878, pp. 1–1. 

Altoona Mirror, 2 May 1878, pp. 4–4.

Altoona Tribune , 10 Jan. 1872, pp. 6–6. 

Altoona Tribune , 21 Sept. 1889, pp. 4–4. 

“The Americo-Liberian Community, a Story.” African American Registry, 25 Nov. 2023, aaregistry.org/story/the-americo-liberian-community-a-brief-story/. 

Andrews, William L. “Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1859) ‘The Two Offers.’” Classic African American’s Narratives, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 2003, pp. 127–140.

Andrews, William L., editor. From Fugitive Slave to Free Man: The Autobiographies of William Wells Brown. University of Missouri Press, 1993. 

Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Equal Rights’ League (1865 : Harrisburg, PA), “Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Equal Rights’ League. Held in the City of Harrisburg, August 9th and 10th, 1865.,” Colored Conventions Project Digital Records, accessed July 28, 2024, https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/1201.

Armistead , Wilson. “James W.C. Pennington.” A Tribute for the Negro; Being a Vindication of the Moral, Intellectual, and Religious Capabilities of the Coloured Portion of Mankind; with Particular Reference to the African Race, Illustrated by Numerous Biographical Sketches, Facts, Anecdotes, Etc. and Many Superior Portraits and Engravings , William Irwin, Manchester, England, 1848, pp. 406–408.

Arnett, Benjamin William. The Black Laws! Speech of Hon. B. W. Arnett, of Greene County, in the Ohio House of Representatives, March 10, 1886. 1886.

Arnett, Benjamin William, editor. The Budget: Containing Biographical Sketches, Quadrennial and Annual Reports of the General Officers of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States of America. Christian Publishing House, 1884.

Arnett, Benjamin William. The Quadrennial Address of the Bishops of the A.M.E. Church to the General Conference Convened in Wilmington, N.C., May 4th, 1896. A.M.E. Church , 1896.

Barrows , John  Henry, editor. The World’s Parliament of Religions: An Illustrated and Popular Story of the World’s First Parliament of Religions, Held in Chicago in Connection with The Columbian Exposition of 1893 . Vol. 1, The Parliament Publishing Company, 1893. 

Barrows , John  Henry, editor. The World’s Parliament of Religions: An Illustrated and Popular Story of the World’s First Parliament of Religions, Held in Chicago in Connection with The Columbian Exposition of 1893 . Vol. 2, The Parliament Publishing Company, 1893. 

“Benjamin W. Arnett: Walnut Hills Historical Society.” Walnut Hills Historical Society | Stories and Images from Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, 1 Feb. 2018, walnuthillsstories.org/stories/benjamin-w-arnett/. 

“Bishop Arnett Dead. Was Presiding Head of New England Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church .” The Boston Globe , 9 Oct. 1906, pp. 10–10. Newspapers.Com, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-bishop-arnett-dead/58342995/. Accessed 26 Sept. 2024. 

“Benjamin Wythe Judah (1806-1864) – Find a Grave…” Find a Grave, www.findagrave.com/memorial/249552778/benjamin_wythe_judah. Accessed 29 July 2024.

Blackett, Richard J. M. Beating against the Barriers: The Lives of Six Nineteenth-Century Afro-Americans. Cornell University Press, 1989.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “John Wesley”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Jul. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wesley. Accessed 19 September 2024.

Brown , William Wells. Narrative of William W. Brown, A Fugitive Slave . Boston Anti-Slavery Office, 1847. 

Brown, William Wells, and Alonzo D. Moore. The Rising Son; or, The Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race . 13th ed., A. G. Brown & Co. , 1882.

Brown, William Wells. The Black Man: His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements. Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1968.

Brown, William Wells. Clotel; or, The President’s Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States. Partridge & Oakey, 1853. 

Brown, William Wells. My Southern Home: Or, The South and It’s People. Third ed., A. G. Brown & Co. , 1882.

Brown, William Wells. The American Fugitive in Europe: Sketches of Places and People Abroad. by WM. Wells Brown with a Memoir of the Author. John P. Jewett and Company, 1855.

Carvalho, Joseph. “Hemenway.” Black Families of Hampden County, Massachusetts: 1650-1865, J.C. III, Springfield, Massachusetts , 2010, pp. 138–139.

“Charles P. Head.” Edited by DeeDee Baldwin, Against All Odds: The First Black Legislators in Mississippi, Mississippi State University Libraries , much-ado.net/legislators/legislators/charles-p-head/. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Cheeks, William, and Aimee Lee Cheeks. “John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics .” Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana, Illinois, 1988, pp. 103–126.

“A Child’s Sudden Death.” Altoona Tribune, 23 Feb. 1888, pp. 5–5. 

Clarion-Ledger , 10 Nov. 1870, https://much-ado.net/legislators/legislators/albert-johnson/johnson6/. Accessed 17 Sept. 2024. 

Clarion-Ledger , 15 Sept. 1880, https://much-ado.net/legislators/legislators/charles-p-head/head4/. Accessed 17 Sept. 2024. 

Clymer, Reuben Swinburne. The Rose Cross Order; a Short Sketch of the History of the Rose Cross Order in America, Together with a Sketch of the Life of Dr. P. B. Randolph, the Founder of the Order . The Philosophical Publishing Co., 1916.

C.M. Bell, photographer. Bishop B.W. Arnett. [between January and January 1894] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2016689544/>.

C.M. Bell, photographer. Cain, Rev. R.H. [Between 1873 and 1890] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2016688185/>.

Colored national convention (1853 : Rochester, NY), “Proceedings of the Colored national convention, held in Rochester, July 6th, 7th, and 8th, 1853.,” Colored Conventions Project Digital Records, accessed September 9, 2024, https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/458.

Colored National Labor Convention (1869 : Washington, D.C.), “Proceedings of the Colored National Labor convention : held in Washington, D.C., on December 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th, 1869.,” Colored Conventions Project Digital Records, accessed July 29, 2024, https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/591.

Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives, editor. Black Americans in Congress: 1870-2007. US Gov. Print. Off, 2008.

Contee, Clarence G. “John Sweat Rock, M.D., Esq., 1825-1866.” Journal of the National Medical Association, vol. 68, no. 3, May 1976, pp. 237–242.

“Convention of Colored Citizens. Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Citizens of the United States. .” Daily Journal , 6 Oct. 1864. 

Convention of the Colored Citizens of Massachusetts (1858 : New Bedford, MA), “Convention of the Colored Citizens of Massachusetts, August 1, 1858.,” Colored Conventions Project Digital Records, accessed July 29, 2024, https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/264.

“The Converted Medium.” New York Tribune, 25 Nov. 1858.

Crafts, Hannah, et al. The Bondwoman’s Narrative. Grand Central Publishing, 2014. 

Crane, Louise. “Drugs in Victorian Britain.” Wellcome Collection, 28 Apr. 2011, wellcomecollection.org/articles/W87wthIAACQizfap. 

Crummell, Alex. “Eulogium on Henry Highland Garnet, D.D.: Before the Union Library and Historical Association; Washington, D.C., May 4th, 1882.” Africa and America: Addresses and Discourses by Alex Crummell, Rector of St. Luke’s Church, Washington, D.C. , Willey & Co. , Springfield, Massachusetts , 1891, pp. 269–303.

The Daily Dispatch No. 164, 10 July 1876.

Davis , Barbara  Sheklin. A History of the Black Community of Syracuse . Onondaga Community College, 1980. 

Deveney, John Patrick. Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-Century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician. State University of New York Press, 1997.

Douglass, Frederick, and George Lewis Ruffin. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Park Publishing Co. , 1882. 

Douglass, Frederick, editor. “Sketch of Major Catto – The Body Lying in State – The Preparations for the Funeral – The Murderer Identified.” National New Era , 19 Oct. 1871, pp. 3–3. 

Douglass, Frederick, editor. “The Martyred Catto.” New National Era, 19 Oct. 1871, pp. 3–3. 

Douglass, Frederick. Address of the National Convention of Colored Men, at Louisville, KY, September 24, 1883 . Courier-Journal Job Printing Company, 1883.

Douglass, Frederick. My Bondage and My Freedom . 1st ed., Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855. 

Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave . Boston Anti-Slavery Office, 1846. 

Douglass, Frederick. “Colored Churches. – No. III .” The North Star , 10 Mar. 1848, pp. 2–2, https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026365/1848-03-10/ed-1/?sp=2&st=image. Accessed 13 Sept. 2024. 

“Dr. Randolph.” Syracuse Daily Standard , 30 Dec. 1859. 

Drawing of William Wells Brown. 8 Mar. 2007. Blackpast.Org, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/brown-william-wells-1814-1884/. Accessed 29 July 2024.

“Ebenezer Hemenway.” WikiTree, 18 June 2021, www.wikitree.com/wiki/Hemenway-296.

 Edwards, George C., et al. Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy. Pearson, 2017.

Ellis, R.  J. “Introduction.” Our Nig or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, In a Two-Story White House, North Showing That Slavery’s Shadows Fall Even There by “Our Nig,” Trent Editions, Nottingham, England, 1998, pp. ix–xxxvii.

Engraved portrait of Abraham Galloway from William Still’s The Underground Railroad (1872). Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Galloway#/media/File:Galloway_Abraham.jpg. Accessed 29 July 2024.

“The Equal Rights League and Voting Suffrage.” Falvey Library , Villanova University, exhibits.library.villanova.edu/institute-colored-youth/community-moments/equal-rights-league-and-suffrage. Accessed 28 July 2024. 

“Eric Foner: Reconstruction and Citizenship.” Vimeo, The Gilder Lehrman Institute , 24 Feb. 2011, vimeo.com/20345803?autoplay=1&muted=1&stream_id=Y2xpcHN8NTE4MTU0NXxpZDpkZXNjfFtd. 

“Events in the Life of William J. Wilson: A Timeline.” Ethiop’s Brooklyn, www.blacknewyork.org/bio.html. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Farrison, William Edward, and William Wells Brown. “Introduction.” The Negro in the American Rebellion, The Citadel Press, New York, New York, 1971, pp. 1–5.

Farrison, William Edward. William Wells Brown: Author & Reformer. University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14502575/william-nesbit: accessed September 24, 2024), memorial page for William Nesbit (11 Oct 1822–26 Oct 1895), Find a Grave Memorial ID 14502575, citing Union African Methodist Episcopal Cemetery, Hollidaysburg, Blair County, Pennsylvania, USA; Maintained by Kathie Weigel (contributor 46524425).

Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62587577/william_c-nesbit: accessed September 24, 2024), memorial page for SGT William C Nesbit (Apr 1887–11 Dec 1917), Find a Grave Memorial ID 62587577, citing Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, USA; Maintained by CynC (contributor 47116106).

“The Finale. Close of the Republican County Convention.” Vicksburg Herald, 16 Aug. 1873, https://much-ado.net/legislators/legislators/charles-p-head/head/. Accessed 17 Sept. 2024. 

Flood, Theodore L., and John W. Hamilton. “Singleton T. Jones.” Live of Methodists Bishops, Phillips & Hunt, Walden & Stowe, New York, New York and Cincinnati, Ohio, 1882, pp. 787–787.

Foner , Eric, et al. “Black Reconstruction Leaders at the Grass Roots .” Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana, Illinois, 1988, pp. 219–234. 

Foner, Eric. Freedom’s Lawmakers: A History of Black Lawmakers During Reconstruction . Oxford University Press, 1993.

 Foner, Philip S. “The Post-Reconstruction Era, 1877-1890.” American Socialism and Black Americans: From the Age of Jackson to World War II , Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut , 1977, pp. 46–60.

Frances E. W. Harper, author of Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poems_on_Miscellaneous_Subjects#/media/File:Frances_E.W._Harper,_three-quarter_length_portrait,_standing,_facing_front_LCCN97513270.jpg. Accessed 29 July 2024.

Francis Lewis Cardozo (photo). 10 Oct. 2021. Blackpast.Org, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/francis-cardozo-1836-1903/. Accessed 29 July 2024.

Franchot, Jenny. “The Punishment of Esther: Frederick Douglass and the Construction of the Feminine .” Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays, Cambridge University Press, New York , NY, 1990, pp. 141–165.

Frederick Douglass (photo), circa 1866. 15 Mar. 2012. Blackpast.Org, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1865-frederick-douglass-what-black-man-wants/. Accessed 29 July 2024.

Gardner, Eric. “A Word Fitly Spoken: Edmonia Highgate, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, and the 1864 Syracuse Convention.” The Colored Conventions Movement: Black Organizing in the Nineteenth Century , The University of North Carolina Press, 2021. The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture.

Gardner, Eric, et al. “From the Periodical Archives: George Boyer Vashon’s ‘In the Cars’: A Poem and Four Responses.” American Periodicals, vol. 25, no. 2, 2015, pp. 177–87. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24589086. Accessed 27 July 2024.

Gardner, Eric. Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature. First ed., University Press Of Mississippi, 2009. 

Gardner, Eric. “White Houses and Black Print.” Black Print Unbound: The Christian Recorder, African American Literature, and Periodical Culture, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 1–20.

Gardner, Eric. “‘So Let Us Hear from All The Brethren’: The Christian Recorder and Correspondence .” Black Print Unbound: The Christian Recorder, African American Literature, and Periodical Culture, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 166–195.

Gardner, Eric. “‘That Wished Home of Peace’: The Personal and the Political in Christian Recorder Elegies.” Black Print Unbound: The Christian Recorder, African American Literature, and Periodical Culture, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 196–225.

Garnet, Henry Highland, and James McCune Smith. A Memorial Discourse; by Rev. Henry Highland Garnet, Delivered in the Hall of the House of Representatives in Washington City, D.C. on Sabbath, February 12, 1865. With an Introduction, by James McCune Smith, M.D. Joseph M. Wilson, 1865.

Gates, Henry Louis. “From Wheatley to Douglass: The Politics of Displacement.” Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays , Cambridge University Press, New York , New York, 1990, pp. 47–65.

George Boyer Vashon: New York’s First African American Attorney. 30 Nov. 2021. Historical Society of the New York Courts, https://history.nycourts.gov/george-boyer-vashon/. Accessed 29 July 2024.

George Thomas Downing: Sketch of His Life and Times, by S.A.M. Washington, The Milne Printery, 1910, Front Matter.

Gerber, David A. “Peter Humphries Clark: The Dialogue of Hope and Despair.” Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana, Illinois, 1988, pp. 173–190.

Gilyard, Keith, and Adam J. Banks. “Jeremiads and Manifestoes.” On African-American Rhetoric, Routledge , Abingdon, Oxfordshire, 2018, pp. 29–45. 

“Grand Celebration Sixth Anniversary of Hill City Lodge No. 1525  G. U. O. of O. F. on Wednesday, March 19th, 1879.” Vicksburg Herald  , 20 Mar. 1879, https://much-ado.net/legislators/legislators/charles-p-head/head2/. Accessed 17 Sept. 2024.

Greenspan, Ezra. William Wells Brown: An African American Life. W.W. Norton & Company, 2014. 

Gilmore, Paul. “‘De Genewine Artekil’: William Wells Brown, Blackface Minstrelsy, and Abolitionism.” American Literature, vol. 69, no. 4, 1997, pp. 743–80. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2928342. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Gilyard, Keith, and Adam J. Banks. “Jeremiads and Manifestoes.” On African-American Rhetoric, Routledge , Abingdon, Oxfordshire, 2018, pp. 29–45. 

Goodier, Susan. “Sarah Smith Tompkins Garnet: A Most Remarkable Suffragist.” The Gotham Center for New York City History, The Gotham Center for New York City History, 11 Oct. 2023, www.gothamcenter.org/blog/sarah-smith-tompkins-garnet-most-remarkable-suffragist-susan-goodier. 

Gray, Gladys J. “George Lewis Ruffin.” Negro History Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 1, 1941, pp. 18–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44246626. Accessed 7 Sept. 2024.

Hanchett, Catherine  M. “George Boyer Vashon, 1824-1878: Black Educator, Poet, Fighter for Equal Rights Part One .” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, vol. 68, 1985, pp. 205–219.

Hanchett, Catherine  M. “George Boyer Vashon, 1824-1878: Black Educator, Poet, Fighter for Equal Rights Part Two .” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, vol. 68, 1985, pp. 333–349.

“Hannah Hemenway: She Saw Lafayette.” Hannah Hemenway, 1998, silvie.tripod.com/HemHannah.html.

Harrisburg Telegraph , 6 Mar. 1878, pp. 1–1. 

Haynes, Robert V. “Houston Riot of 1917.” Texas State Historical Association, 20 Nov. 2020, www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/houston-riot-of-1917. 

Hemenway, Ebenezer. “Written by Ebenezer Hemenway on the Death of His Mother, February 17, 1847.” Hemenway Poem, silvie.tripod.com/HemPoem.html. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Henry Highland Garnet, albumen silver print, c. 1881. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet#/media/File:Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png. Accessed 29 July 2024.

“Henry Louis Gates, Jr: The Bondwoman’s Narrative.” Vimeo, The Gilder Lehrman Institute , 4 Mar. 2011, vimeo.com/20658935. 

Hollandsworth, James G. The Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience during the Civil War. Louisiana State University Press, 1995. 

Hood, Bishop J.W. One Hundred Years of the American Methodist Episcopal Zion Church; or, The Centennial of African Methodism. A.M.E. Zion Book Concern, 1895.

Hoskins, Mary Katherine. “Levi Coffin 1798-1877.” Documenting the American South, docsouth.unc.edu/nc/coffin/bio.html. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Huggins, Nathan Irvin. “The Declension.” Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass, Little, Brown, & Company (Canada) Limited , 1980, pp. 148–180.

Izard , Holly V. “Hepsibeth Hemenway’s Portrait: A Native American Story .” Old-Time New England , vol. 77, no. 267, 1999, pp. 49–85. 

Izard, Holly V. Worcester. 

Jackson, Debra. “‘A Cultural Stronghold’: The ‘Anglo-African’ Newspaper and the Black Community of New York.” New York History, vol. 85, no. 4, 2004, pp. 331–57. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23187347. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Jackson, Debra. “A Black Journalist in Civil War Virginia: Robert Hamilton and the ‘Anglo-African.’” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 116, no. 1, 2008, pp. 42–72. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27740409. Accessed 4 Aug. 2024.

Jacob C. White, Jr: Portrait from Autobiography of Dr. William Henry Johnson. Albany, NY: Argus Company, 1900. Library Company, https://librarycompany.org/paah/genius/white.html. Accessed 29 July 2024.

“Jeffrey Hemenway (U.S. National Park Service).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/people/jeffrey-hemenway.htm. Accessed 23 Sept. 2024. 

John S. Rock, Harper’s Weekly, February 25, 1865, p. 124. 19 Mar. 2007. Blackpast.Org, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/rock-john-s-1825-1866/. Accessed 29 July 2024.

John Mercer Langston. Library of Congress description: “Prof. John Langston, Howard University”. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston#/media/File:John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg. Accessed 29 July 2024.

John Patterson Sampson, scan from The Afro-American Press. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patterson_Sampson#/media/File:John_Patterson_Sampson.png.

John Sella Martin (Photo). 15 June 2014. Blackpast.Org, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/martin-john-sella-1832-1876/. Accessed 29 July 2024.

Johnson, William Henry. Autobiography of Dr. William Henry Johnson . The Argus Company, 1900.

Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs (Photo) – Florida State Archives. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Clarkson_Gibbs#/media/File:Jonathan_C._Gibbs_-_rc00407.jpg. Accessed 29 July 2024. 

“Joseph Cassey Bustill.” Digital Harrisburg, 25 Mar. 2024, digitalharrisburg.com/joseph-cassey-bustill/. 

“Josephine Ruffin (1842-1924).” Mount Auburn Cemetery, www.mountauburn.org/notable-residents/josephine-ruffin-1842-1924/. Accessed 15 Sept. 2024. 

Joseph C. Bustill to William Still, March 24, 1856,” House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/21141.

“The Judah Will.” Judahwill.Rampages.Us, spring 2017, judahwill.rampages.us/#about.

“Julia Williams Garnet (U.S. National Park Service).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/people/julia-williams-garnet.htm. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024. 

“Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalome Historical Marker.” Historical Marker, 28 Aug. 2023, www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=231612. 

Kantrowitz , Stephen. More Than Freedom/ Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829-1889 . The Penguin Press, 2012. 

Krohn, Raymond James. “Black History Month Garrisonian Abolitionists.” OUPblog, 12 May 2013,blog.oup.com/2007/02/black_history_m4/#:~:text=Aside%20from%20the%20normative%20principle,of%20the%20sinfulness%20of%20slavery.

Little, Lawrence S. Disciples of Liberty: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the Age of Imperialism, 1884-1916. The University of Tennessee Press, 2000.

Locklear, Jessica Markey. “Caroline Lecount & The Ohio Street School.” Biographical Profiles – Explore the Story of Women’s Activism through Documents & Images, Philadelphia Area Consortium of Special Collections Libraries , 3 Oct. 2020, inherownright.org/spotlight/biographical-profiles/feature/caroline-lecount-the-ohio-street-school. 

Loguen, Jermain Wesley. The Rev. J. W. Loguen, as a Slave and as a Freeman: A Narrative of Real Life. J. G. K. Truair & Co. , 1859. 

London, Nicole and Stanley Nelson, directors. Becoming Frederick Douglass . PBS, 2022, https://www.pbs.org/video/becoming-frederick-douglass-aie7i4/. Accessed 28 July 2024.

Lorang, Elizabeth, and R.J. Weir, editors. “‘Will not these days be by thy poets sung’: Poems of the Anglo-African and National Anti-Slavery Standard, 1863–1864.” Scholarly Editing: The Annual of the Association for Documentary Editing, vol. 34, 2013, https://www.scholarlyediting.org/2013/editions/intro.cwnewspaperpoetry.html.

Loucks, Esther C. “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Syracuse: From 1839-1851 .” Syracuse University, 1934.

Luft, Eric V. D. “Sarah Loguen Fraser, MD (1825-1833): The Fourth African-American Physician .” Journal of the National Medical Association, vol. 92, no. 3, Mar. 2000, pp. 149–153.

“M. Hall Stanton (1830-1890) – Find a Grave…” Find a Grave, www.findagrave.com/memorial/92933061/m_-hall-stanton. Accessed 15 Sept. 2024. 

Martin, Waldo E. “Frederick Douglass: Humanist as Race Leader.” Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, Illinois , 1988, pp. 59–84.

McCarthy, B. Eugene, and Thomas L. Doughton. From Bondage to Belonging: The Worcester Slave Narratives. University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.

McKivigan, John R. “The Frederick Douglass-Gerrit Smith Friendship and Political Abolitionism in the 1850s .” Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays, Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, 1990, pp. 205–232.

“Meeting of School Committee of Colored Schools .” Vicksburg Journal , 10 Sept. 1865, https://much-ado.net/legislators/legislators/charles-p-head/head3/. 

Miller, Christopher. “Keeping Our History Healthy: John S. Rock.” National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, 21 July 2020, freedomcenter.org/voice/keeping-our-history-healthy-john-s-rock/#:~:text=In%201858%20he%20delivered%20a,his%20African%20ancestry%20was%20profound.

“Negro 96 Years Old Dead He Was Thomas A. Keene, Oldest Colored Man in Town.” Syracuse Herald , 6 Aug. 1906. 

National Convention of Colored Citizens (1843 : Buffalo, NY), “Minutes of the National Convention of Colored Citizens; Held at Buffalo; on the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th of August, 1843; for the purpose of considering their moral and political condition as American citizens.,” Colored Conventions Project Digital Records, accessed October 28, 2024, https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/278.

National Convention of the Colored Men of America (1869 : Washington, D.C.), “Proceedings of the National Convention of the Colored Men of America: held in Washington, D.C., on January 13, 14, 15, and 16, 1869.,” Colored Conventions Project Digital Records, accessed August 3, 2024, https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/452.

“National Convention at New Orleans, LA,” Colored Conventions Project Digital Records, accessed September 7, 2024, https://omeka.coloredconventions.org/items/show/544.

Nesbit, William. Four Months of Liberia: Or African Colonization Exposed. J.T. Shryock, 1855.

 “Nesbit, William W.,” House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/34023.

“A New Phase in Spiritualism.” Syracuse Journal , 25 July 1856. 

New York Tribune, 13 Jan. 1859.

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